Plantae

Description

Plants have organs and organ systems. The leaves collect and absorb sunlight to convert to glucose. The leaves have a waxy coat on them to shield against water. The root system, which branches out, provides support and absorbs water. The stem provides support and the petal/flower/bud is the reproductive organ of the plant. All plants also have multicellular haploid and diploid phases and true tissues and organs. They can be divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of vascular tissues that facilitate the transport of water and nutrients in plants:

• Vascular plants have water-conducting xylem and food-conducting phloem strands of tissues in their stems, roots, and leaves (includes ferns, conifers, and flowering plants)
• Nonvascular plants lack vascular tissue (mosses, liverworts, and hornworts) 

Divergent Event
Plants are descendants of the first eukaryotes, which evolved from prokaryotes about 1-2.5 billion years ago. The photosynthetic properties of plants result from traits that were originally acquired through endosymbiosis, with eukaryotes engulfing simpler photosynthetic organisms which eventually became the organelles that plants possess today.

Body Plan
Plants are multicellular with cell walls made of cellulose.

Metabolism
All plants are autotrophic. However, there exist a few exceptions to this rule. Venus flytraps, for example, supplement their photosynthetic nutrition by consuming other organisms.

Venus Fly Trap 

Digestion: no specific system.

Nervous: no specific system.

Circulatory

For the circulatory system in plants, more complex multicellular forms of life rely on transport systems that move material-containing liquids throughout the body in specialized tubes. In vascular plants, tubes transport food and water.

Reproduction
Plants undergo both sexual and asexual reproduction.

Examples

Sunflowers

Pines

6 Phyla

-Bryophyta

• Description- Bryophyte is a traditional name used to refer to all embryophytes (land plants) that do not have true vascular tissue and are therefore called 'non-vascular plants'. Some bryophytes do have specialized tissues for the transport of water; however since these do not contain lignin, they are not considered to be true vascular tissue. Currently bryophytes are thought not to be a natural or monophyletic group; however the name is convenient and remains in use as a collective term. Bryophytes produce enclosed reproductive structures (gametangia and sporangia), but they produce neither flowers nor seeds, reproducing via spores. 
• Environment- Although more prevalent in moist and shady areas, Bryophytes can be found in alpine regions, where they are subjected to freezing, and some in deserts, where they are desiccated most of the time. Many Bryophytes are highly specialized, and found in restricted habitats. One of the most abundant, Sphagnum, is found in bogs world wide, and forms peat, a source of fuel when compacted, and a soil texturizer when less "decomposed". Associations of Bryophyes with mychorrizae are common.

Red Moss

-Pterophyta

• Description- The phylum Pterophyta is a group of non-seed plants with a fossil record dating back to the lower Devonian. The phylum consists of about 11,000 living species. Vegetatatively,the Pterophyta are a diverse group of plants with true leaves, roots and stems. Leaves are macrophylls and, in many families, demonstrate circinate vernation (a pattern of uncoiling of a crozier-like structure due to uneven growth). While arborescent species exist, no living fern demonstrates true secondary growth. Roots are adventitious. Reproductively, the Pterophyta also vary; they may be either homosporous and exosporic or heterosporous and endosporic. Homospory with the production of photosythetic free-living gametophytes is the most common pattern. The structure of the spore, sporangium and sorus are all important taxonomic features.
  
  
  
• Environment- They live in the tropics.

Bears paw fern (Davallia tyermanni)

-Cycadophyta

• Description- Cycads are seed plants characterized by a large crown of compound leaves and a stout trunk. They are evergreen, dioecious plants having large pinnately compound leaves. They are frequently confused with and mistaken for palms or ferns, but are only distantly related to both, and instead belong to the division Cycadophyta. They have very specialized pollinators and have been reported to fix nitrogen in association with a cyanobacterium living in the roots. These blue-green algae produce a neurotoxin called BMAA that is found in the seeds of cycads.
• Environment- Cycads are found across much of the subtropical and tropical parts of the world. They are found in South and Central America (where the greatest diversity occurs), Mexico, the Antilles, southeastern United States, Australia, Melanesia, Micronesia, Japan, China, Southeast Asia, India, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, and southern and tropical Africa, where at least 65 species occur. Some are renowned for survival in harsh semidesert climates, and can grow in sand or even on rock. They are able to grow in full sun or shade, and some are salt tolerant. Though they are a minor component of the plant kingdom today, during the Jurassic period they were extremely common.

Cycas rumphii

-Ginkgophyta

• Description- Ginkgo has been used for classifying plants with leaves that have more than four veins per segment, while Baiera for those with less than four veins per segment.Sphenobaiera has been used to classify plants with a broadly wedge-shaped leaf that lacks a distinct leaf stem. Trichopitys is distinguished by having multiple-forked leaves with cylindrical (not flattened) thread-like ultimate divisions; it is one of the earliest fossils ascribed to the Ginkgophyta.
• Environment- Modern-day G. biloba grows best in environments that are well-watered and drained, and the extremely similar fossil Ginkgo favored similar environments: the sediment record at the majority of fossilGinkgo localities indicates it grew primarily in disturbed environments along streams and levees. Ginkgo therefore presents an "ecological paradox" because while it possesses some favorable traits for living in disturbed environments (clonal reproduction) many of its other life-history traits (slow growth, large seed size, late reproductive maturity) are the opposite of those exhibited by modern plants that thrive in disturbed settings.

Ginkgo huttonii

-Coniferophyta

• Description- The conifers, division Pinophyta, also known as division Coniferophyta or Coniferae, are one of 13 or 14 division level taxa within the Kingdom Plantae. Pinophytes are gymnosperms. They are cone-bearing seed plants with vascular tissue; all extant conifers are woody plants, the great majority being trees with just a few being shrubs. Typical examples of conifers include cedars, Douglas-firs, cypresses, firs, junipers, kauris, larches, pines, hemlocks, redwoods, spruces, and yews. The division contains approximately eight families, 68 genera, and 630 living species. Although the total number of species is relatively small, conifers are of immense ecological importance.
• Environment- They are the dominant plants over huge areas of land, most notably the boreal forests of the northern hemisphere, but also in similar cool climates in mountains further south. Boreal conifers have many winter time adaptations. The narrow conical shape of northern conifers, and their downward-drooping limbs help them shed snow.

Araucaria columnaris

-Anthophyta

• Description- Anthophytes were thought to be a clade comprising plants bearing flower-like structures. The group contained the angiosperms - the extant flowering plants - as well as the Gnetales and the extinct Bennettitales. Detailed morphological and molecular studies have shown that the group is not actually monophyletic. This makes it easier to reconcile molecular clock data that suggests that the angiosperms diverged from the gymnosperms around 300 million years ago.Some more recent studies have used the word anthophyte to describe a group which includes the angiosperms and a variety of fossils, but not the Gnetales.
• Environment- They are found in nearly any environment.

Tulips

2 classes

Monocotyldonae

• Description- Monocotyledons, also known as monocots, are one of two major groups of flowering plants (or angiosperms) that are traditionally recognized, the other being dicotyledons, or dicots. Monocot seedlings typically have one cotyledon (seed-leaf), in contrast to the two cotyledons typical of dicots. Monocots have been recognized at various taxonomic ranks, and under various names. The APG II system recognises a clade called "monocots" but does not assign it to a taxonomic rank.

Hemerocallis

Dicotylendonae

• Description- The dicotyledons, also known as dicots, are a group of flowering plants whose seed typically has two embryonic leaves orcotyledons. There are around 199,350 species within this group. Flowering plants that are not dicotyledons are monocotyledons, typically having one embryonic leaf.
  Dicotyledons are not a monophyletic group, and therefore the names "dicotyledons" and "dicots" are, strictly speaking, deprecated. However, the vast majority of "dicots" do form a monophyletic group called the eudicots or tricolpates. These may be distinguished from all other flowering plants by the structure of their pollen. Other dicotyledons and monocotyledons have monosulcate pollen, or forms derived from it, whereas eudicots have tricolpate pollen, or derived forms, the pollen having three or more pores set in furrows called colpi.
  Traditionally the dicots have been called the Dicotyledones (or Dicotyledoneae), at any rank. If treated as a class, as in the Cronquist system, they may be called the Magnoliopsida after the type genus Magnolia. In some schemes, the eudicots are treated as a separate class, the Rosopsida (type genus Rosa), or as several separate classes. The remaining dicots (palaeodicots) may be kept in a single paraphyletic class, called Magnoliopsida, or further divided.
  
  
  
  Magnolia flower